# CVE-2026-116786: FreeSWITCH: Channel-variable injection via SIP REFER leads to command execution in mod_sofia

Status: published. Published: 2026-11-05. Updated: 2026-11-09.

FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to 1.11.2, sofia_handle_sip_i_refer() placed raw Refer-To URI parameters and headers inside a sip_invite_params channel-variable block passed to switch_ivr_originate(). The originate parser treated a comma in the attacker-controlled value as a variable separator, allowing an authenticated caller on a bridged call to inject arbitrary variables into a newly originated leg. An injected execute_on_originate value could invoke the system dialplan application before answer and execute operating-system commands with the FreeSWITCH process privileges. SIP REFER is enabled by default, and the sender needs only a registered account and a call that takes the off-box transfer path, not administrative or Event Socket access. This issue is fixed in version 1.11.2.

## Remediation

No remediation reported in collected sources

## Affected products and versions

- signalwire / freeswitch: < 1.11.2 (affected). Source: CNA: GitHub_M

## Severity and prioritization

- CVSS 3.1: 8.8 (high); CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H; source: CNA: GitHub_M

- CVSS 3.1: 8.8 (high); CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H; source: NVD: security-advisories@github.com

- CISA KEV: No listing in collected sources

- EPSS: 0.44% as of 2026-11-09; percentile 38.72%

- SSVC: exploitation none; automatable no; technical impact total; source ADP: CISA-ADP

- Weaknesses: CWE-77, CWE-94

## Exploit evidence

No exploit evidence in collected sources. This is not proof of no exploitation.

## References

- https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security/advisories/GHSA-xjxm-9qx6-w3fj (CNA: GitHub_M; x_refsource_CONFIRM)

- https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/fbac12b451a146fdac5104d25d337145be989e84 (CNA: GitHub_M; x_refsource_MISC)

- https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases/tag/v1.11.2 (CNA: GitHub_M; x_refsource_MISC)

- https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/fbac12b451a146fdac5104d25d337145be989e84 (security-advisories@github.com)

- https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases/tag/v1.11.2 (security-advisories@github.com)

- https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security/advisories/GHSA-xjxm-9qx6-w3fj (security-advisories@github.com)

## Provenance

- CNA: GitHub_M: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-116786; retrieved 2026-11-09; source updated 2026-11-09

- NVD: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-116786; retrieved 2026-11-06; source updated 2026-11-05

- FIRST EPSS: https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2026-116786; retrieved 2026-11-09; source updated Not reported

Revision: a0a7fecc889414628391a2cead1c490ad3b484474a998d0620ea423f19f35596

Canonical: https://y2.dev/cve/CVE-2026-116786

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